Mysql PDO - 데이터베이스 상수 선언

Question

글쎄, 스크린 샷 문제를보고, 여기에 내 코드가있다. 여러분 중 일부는 "코드 테스트"가 필요하다.

나는 mysql과 PDO 개체를 사용하여 프로젝트 작업을하고있다. 모든 것이 functions.php에서 두 함수를 사용해야하는 reports.php로 시작하기 전까지는 예상대로 작동했습니다. 문제는 데이터베이스 상수가 이미 정의 된대로 오류가 표시된다는 것입니다. db_connection.php라는 외부 연결 파일을 필요로하는 모든 함수 내에 포함하고 있기 때문에 이러한 일이 발생하고 있음을 알고 있습니다.

각 함수 내에서 include_once 또는 require_once로 변경하려고 시도했지만 $ conn 변수 (내 연결이 호출되는 방식)가 정의되지 않았으며 execute()가 오류를 표시합니다. , 준비(), 쿼리() 데이터베이스 문에 대한 방법 중 하나가 정의되지 않았습니다.

또한 함수에 db_connection.php 파일의 코드를 포함시키고 function.php의 시작 부분에 배치하고 방금 만든 $ conn 변수에 할당하려고했습니다.

PDO를 사용하여 데이터베이스 연결을 두 번 선언하지 않으면 어떻게 알 수 있습니까? 이

CSS .... 나를 위해 그것을하지 않기 때문에

내가 희망, 감사합니다, 코드는 .... 모든 것을 명확하게

.required { 
    &:after { 
     content: " *"; 
     color: red; 
    } 
} 
.addLink { 
    color: #645180; 
    margin-bottom: 10px; 
    display: block; 
} 
.submit { 
    border: 0; 
    background-color: #645180; 
    color: white; 
    width:100%; 
    margin: 15px 0; 
    padding:5px; 
} 
#content { 
    padding: 3% 0; 

    h1 { 
     text-align:center; 
    } 
} 

ul.projectList, 
ul.taskList { 
    list-style: none; 
    border: .5em solid white; 
    padding:15px 0; 
    li { 
    background-color: white; 
    border-bottom: 1px solid #b2b2b2; 
    padding: 5 15px; 

    &:last-child { 
     border-bottom: 0; 
    } 
    } 
} 
table { 
    width: 40%; 
    margin:0 auto; 
    td { 
     padding: .2rem .2rem; 
    } 
} 
thead > tr> td { 
    font-weight: bold; 
    background-color: #cebece; 
} 
.totalReportTime > th { 
    background-color: #632c62; 
    color: white; 
} 

db_connection.php

<?php 
    define('DB_SERVER', "localhost"); 
    define('DB_USER', "tracker_userr"); 
    define('DB_PASSWORD', "tracker_passs"); 
    define('DB_DATABASE', "tracker"); 
    define('DB_DRIVER', "mysql"); 
?> 

functions.php

<?php 
function connect_to_db() { 
    define('DB_SERVER', "localhost"); 
    define('DB_USER', "tracker_user"); 
    define('DB_PASSWORD', "tracker_pass"); 
    define('DB_DATABASE', "tracker"); 
    define('DB_DRIVER', "mysql"); 

try { 
     $conn = new PDO(DB_DRIVER . ":dbname=" . DB_DATABASE . ";host=" . DB_SERVER, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD); 
     $conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION); 
     //echo "Connected successfully"; 
} catch(PDOException $e) { 
     echo "Connection failed: " . $e->getMessage(); 
    } 
    return $conn; 
} 
function get_projects_list() { 
    // include 'db_connection.php'; 
    $conn = connect_to_db(); 
    try { 
    return $conn->query("SELECT * FROM projects"); 
    } catch (PDOException $e) { 
     echo 'Error:' . $e->getMessage() . "<br />"; 
     return array(); 
    } 
} 

function get_tasks_list($filter = null) { 
    // include 'db_connection.php'; 
    $conn = connect_to_db(); 
    $sql = 'SELECT tasks.*, projects.title as project FROM tasks' 
     . ' JOIN projects ON tasks.project_id = projects.project_id'; 

    $orderBy = ' ORDER BY date DESC'; 

    if ($filter) { 
     $orderBy = ' ORDER BY projects.title ASC, date DESC'; 
    } 
    try { 
     $results = $conn->prepare($sql . $orderBy); 
     $results->execute(); 
    } catch (PDOException $e) { 
     echo 'Error:' . $e->getMessage() . "<br />"; 
     return array(); 
    } 
    return $results->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); 
} 

function add_project($title, $category) { 
    // include 'db_connection.php'; 
    $conn = connect_to_db(); 
    try { 
     $sql = "INSERT INTO projects(title, category) VALUES (:title, :category)"; 

     $results = $conn->prepare($sql); 
     $results->bindParam(':title', $title, PDO::PARAM_STR, 100); 
     $results->bindParam(':category', $category, PDO::PARAM_STR, 100); 


    if($results->execute()) { 
     echo '1 row has been inserted'; 
    } 

    $conn = null; 

    } catch(PDOException $e) { 
     echo 'Error: ' . $e->getMessage() . '<br />'; 
     return false; 
    } 
    return true; 
} 

function add_task($title, $date, $time, $project_id) { 
    // include 'db_connection.php'; 
    $conn = connect_to_db(); 
    try { 
     $sql = "INSERT INTO tasks(title, date, time, project_id) VALUES (:title, :date, :time, :project_id)"; 

     $results = $conn->prepare($sql); 
     $results->bindParam(':title', $title, PDO::PARAM_STR, 100); 
     $results->bindParam(':date', $date, PDO::PARAM_STR, 100); 
     $results->bindParam(':time', $time, PDO::PARAM_STR, 100); 
     $results->bindParam(':project_id', $project_id, PDO::PARAM_INT); 


    if($results->execute()) { 
     echo '1 row has been inserted'; 
    } 

    $conn = null; 

    } catch(PDOException $e) { 
     echo 'Error: ' . $e->getMessage() . '<br />'; 
     return false; 
    } 
    return true; 
} 


try { 
     $conn = new PDO(DB_DRIVER . ":dbname=" . DB_DATABASE . ";host=" . DB_SERVER, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD); 
     $conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION); 
     //echo "Connected successfully"; 
} catch(PDOException $e) { 
     echo "Connection failed: " . $e->getMessage(); 
    } 

project_list.php

<?php 
$pageTitle = "Project | Time Tracker"; 
$page = 'projects'; 

include('includes/functions.php'); 
include 'includes/header.php'; ?> 

    <div class="col-container"> 
     <h1>Project List</h1> 
     <a class="addLink" href="project.php">Add project</a> 
     <ul class="projectList"> 
     <?php 
     foreach (get_projects_list() as $item) { 
      echo '<li>' . $item['title'] . '</li>'; 
     } 
     ?> 
     </ul> 
    </div> 

<?php include 'includes/footer.php'; 

header.php

<!DOCTYPE html> 
<html lang="en"> 
    <head> 
    <title><?php echo $pageTitle; ?></title> 
    <meta charset="UTF-8"> 
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"> 
    <meta name="description" content="project list"> 
    <meta name="keywords" content=""> 
    <meta name="author" content="Evelia Molina"> 
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">  
    <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Slab:400,700' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'> 
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/pre_style.css" type="text/css"> 
    <link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> 
    </head> 
    <body> 

    <svg style="display: none;"> 
    <defs> 
     <svg id="logo_icon" viewBox="0 0 64 64" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet"> 
     <rect x="19.5" y="41.4" transform="matrix(0.7071 -0.7071 0.7071 0.7071 -24.2442 27.4475)" width="3" height="3.3"/> 
     <rect x="19.4" y="19.5" transform="matrix(0.7071 -0.7071 0.7071 0.7071 -8.7041 21.0111)" width="3.3" height="3"/> 
     <rect x="15" y="30.4" width="3" height="3.3"/> 
     <rect x="30.4" y="46.1" width="3.3" height="3"/> 
     <path d="M32,0C14.3,0,0,14.3,0,32c0,17.7,14.3,32,32,32s32-14.3,32-32C64,14.3,49.7,0,32,0z M32,55.6C19,55.6,8.4,45,8.4,32 
      C8.4,19,19,8.4,32,8.4S55.6,19,55.6,32C55.6,45,45,55.6,32,55.6z"/> 
     <path d="M48.9,30.4c0-0.2,0-0.4-0.1-0.6c0-0.2-0.1-0.4-0.1-0.6c-0.1-0.3-0.1-0.7-0.2-1c0-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.1-0.3 
      c-0.4-1.6-1-3.2-1.9-4.6c-0.2-0.4-0.5-0.7-0.7-1.1c0,0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1c-0.3-0.4-0.6-0.8-1-1.2c0,0,0,0,0,0c0,0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1 
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      c-0.3-0.2-0.5-0.3-0.8-0.5c-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.1-0.3-0.2c-0.1-0.1-0.3-0.1-0.4-0.2c-0.2-0.1-0.4-0.2-0.6-0.3c0,0,0,0,0,0 
      C36.4,15.4,34.2,15,32,15c0,7,0,11.1,0,13.5c-0.6,0-1.2,0.2-1.8,0.5c0,0-0.1,0-0.1,0c-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.2,0.2 
      c-0.1,0-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1c0,0,0,0-0.1,0c0,0,0,0,0,0c-0.3,0.3-0.6,0.7-0.8,1.1c-0.9,1.8-0.1,3.9,1.6,4.7c1.1,0.5,2.3,0.5,3.3-0.1 
      c0,0,0.1,0,0.1,0c0.1-0.1,0.2-0.1,0.2-0.2c0.1,0,0.1-0.1,0.2-0.1c0,0,0,0,0.1,0c0,0,0,0,0,0l0,0c0,0,0,0,0,0 
      c3.8,4.3,7.2,8.2,8.9,10.1c1.7-1.5,3.1-3.3,4-5.2c0,0,0,0,0,0c0,0,0,0,0,0c0.2-0.5,0.4-0.9,0.6-1.4c0-0.1,0-0.1,0.1-0.2 
      c0.1-0.4,0.3-0.8,0.4-1.2c0.5-1.7,0.7-3.3,0.7-5c0-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.3C49,31.1,49,30.7,48.9,30.4z"/> 
     </svg> 
     <svg id="task_icon" viewBox="0 0 64 64" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet"> 
     <path d="M64,53.3l-10,9.6c-0.7,0.7-1.8,1.1-2.5,1.1l0,0l0,0c-1.1,0-1.8-0.4-2.5-1.1l-10-9.6l0,0l0,0l0,0l0,0V3.6c0-2.1,1.4-3.6,3.6-3.6h17.8C62.6,0,64,1.4,64,3.6V53.3L64,53.3L64,53.3z M56.9,7.1H46.2v7.1h10.7V7.1z M56.9,49.1V17.8H46.2v31.3l5.3,4.3l0,0L56.9,49.1z M21.3,64H3.6C1.4,64,0,62.6,0,60.4V3.6C0,1.4,1.4,0,3.6,0h17.8c2.1,0,3.6,1.4,3.6,3.6v56.9C24.9,62.6,23.5,64,21.3,64z M17.8,7.1H7.1v7.1h5.3c1.1,0,1.8,0.7,1.8,1.8s-0.7,1.8-1.8,1.8H7.1v7.1h1.8c1.1,0,1.8,0.7,1.8,1.8s-0.7,1.8-1.8,1.8H7.1v7.1h5.3c1.1,0,1.8,0.7,1.8,1.8c0,1.1-0.7,1.8-1.8,1.8H7.1v7.1h1.8c1.1,0,1.8,0.7,1.8,1.8s-0.7,1.8-1.8,1.8H7.1v7.1h10.7V7.1z"/> 
     </svg> 
     <svg id="project_icon" viewBox="0 0 64 64" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet"> 
     <path d="M60.4,64H3.6C1.4,64,0,62.6,0,60.4V3.6C0,1.4,1.4,0,3.6,0h24.9c1.4,0,2.5,0.7,3.2,2.1l5.7,12.1h23.1c2.1,0,3.6,1.4,3.6,3.6v42.7C64,62.6,62.6,64,60.4,64z M7.1,56.9h49.8V21.3h-22c-1.4,0-2.5-0.7-3.2-2.1L26.3,7.1H7.1V56.9z"/> 
     <path d="M60.4,7.1h-16c-2.1,0-3.6-1.4-3.6-3.6S42.3,0,44.4,0h16C62.6,0,64,1.4,64,3.6S62.6,7.1,60.4,7.1z"/> 
     </svg> 
     <svg id="report_icon" viewBox="0 0 64 64" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet"> 
     <path d="M60.4,0H3.6C1.4,0,0,1.4,0,3.6v56.9C0,62.6,1.4,64,3.6,64h56.9c2.1,0,3.6-1.4,3.6-3.6V3.6C64,1.4,62.6,0,60.4,0zM56.9,56.9H7.1V7.1h49.8V56.9z"/> 
     <path d="M16.5,21.3h30.9c2.1,0,3.6-1.4,3.6-3.6c0-2.1-1.4-3.6-3.6-3.6H16.5c-2.1,0-3.6,1.4-3.6,3.6C13,19.9,14.4,21.3,16.5,21.3z" /> 
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     <path d="M16.5,49.8h30.9c2.1,0,3.6-1.4,3.6-3.6s-1.4-3.6-3.6-3.6H16.5c-2.1,0-3.6,1.4-3.6,3.6S14.4,49.8,16.5,49.8z"/> 
     </svg> 
    </defs> 
    </svg> 

    <header class="header"> 
    <div class="col-container"> 
     <h1> 
     <a class="logo" href="./"> 
      <svg viewbox="0 0 64 64" class="logo-icon"><use xlink:href="#logo_icon"></use></svg> 
      <span class="logo-name">Time Tracker</span> 
     </a> 
     </h1> 

     <ul class="nav"> 
     <li class="nav-item tasks<?php if ($page == "tasks") { echo " on"; } ?>"><a class="nav-link" href="task_list.php">Tasks</a></li> 
     <li class="nav-item projects<?php if ($page == "projects") { echo " on"; } ?>"><a class="nav-link" href="project_list.php">Projects</a></li> 
     <li class="nav-item reports<?php if ($page == "reports") { echo " on"; } ?>"><a class="nav-link" href="reports.php">Reports</a></li> 
     </ul> 
    </div> 
    </header> 
    <div id="content"> 

footer.php

</div><!-- end content --> 

    <footer class="footer"> 
    <div class="col-container"> 
     <svg viewbox="0 0 64 64" class="logo-icon"><use xlink:href="#logo_icon"></use></svg> 
     <p class="footer-copy">&copy; <?php echo date("Y"); ?> Time Tracker by Eve</p> 
    </div> 
    </footer> 

</body> 
</html> 

project.php

<?php require 'includes/functions.php'; 
$pageTitle = "Project | Time Tracker"; 
$page = 'projects'; 


if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST') { 
    $title = filter_input(INPUT_POST, 'title', FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING); 
    $category = filter_input(INPUT_POST, 'category', FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING); 

    if(empty($title) || empty($category)) { 
     $error_message = "Title and category can not be empty"; 
    } else { 
     if(add_project($title, $category)) { 
     header('Location: project_list.php'); 
     exit; 
     } else { 
      $error_message = "Could not add project"; 
     } 
    } 
} 
include 'includes/header.php';?> 
    <div class="col-container"> 
     <h1>Add project</h1> 
     <?php 
     if (isset($error_message)) { 
      echo '<p class="message">' . $error_message . '</p>'; 
     } 
     ?> 
     <form method="POST" action="project.php"> 
     <div> 
      <label for="title" class="required">Title</label> 
      <input name="title" id="title" type="text" value="" /> 
     </div> 
     <div> 
      <label for="category" class="required">Category</label> 
      <select id="category" name="category"> 
      <option value="">Select one</option> 
      <option value="Charity">charity</option> 
      <option value="Science">science</option> 
      <option value="Art">art</option> 
      </select> 
     </div> 
     <button class="submit" type="submit" name="submit">Submit</button> 
     </form> 
    </div> 

<?php include 'includes/footer.php'; 

task.php

,617,451 나는 연결 함수를 작성하는 경우

<?php require 'includes/functions.php'; 

$pageTitle = "Task | Time Tracker"; 
$page = 'tasks'; 
$project_id = $title = $date = $time = ''; 


if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST') { 
    $project_id = filter_input(INPUT_POST, 'project_id', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT); 
    $title = filter_input(INPUT_POST, 'title', FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING); 
    $date = filter_input(INPUT_POST, 'date', FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING); 
    $time = filter_input(INPUT_POST, 'time', FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING); 

    $dateMatch = explode('/', $date); 

    if(empty($project_id) || empty($title) || empty($date) || empty($time)) { 
     $error_message = "Required fields can not be empty"; 
    } elseif (count($dateMatch) != 3 
     || strlen($dateMatch[0]) != 2 
     || strlen($dateMatch[1]) != 2 
     || strlen($dateMatch[2]) != 4 
     || !checkdate($dateMatch[1], $dateMatch[0], $dateMatch[2]) 
     ) { 
     $error_message = "Please, introduce a valid date format"; 
    } else { 
     if(add_task($title, $date, $time, $project_id)) { 
     header('Location: task_list.php'); 
     exit; 
     } else { 
      $error_message = "Could not add task"; 
     } 
    } 
} 
include 'includes/header.php';?> 
    <div class="col-container"> 
     <h1>Add task</h1> 
     <?php 
     if (isset($error_message)) { 
      echo '<p class="message">' . $error_message . '</p>'; 
     } 
     ?> 
     <form method="POST" action="task.php"> 
      <div> 
      <label for="project_id" class="required">Project</label> 
      <select name="project_id"> 
      <option value="">Select one</option> 
      <?php foreach (get_projects_list() as $item) { 
       echo '<option value="' . $item['project_id'] . '"'; 
       if ($project_id == $item['project_id']) { 
        echo 'selected'; 
       } 
       echo '>' . $item['title'] . "</option>"; 
      } ?> 
      </select> 
     </div> 
     <div> 
      <label for="title" class="required">Title</label> 
      <input name="title" type="text" value="<?php echo htmlspecialchars($title); ?>" /> 
     </div> 
     <div> 
      <label for="date" class="required">Date</label> 
      <input name="date" type="text" value="<?php echo htmlspecialchars($date); ?>" /> 
     </div> 
      <div> 
      <label for="time" class="required">Time</label> 
      <input name="time" type="text" value="<?php echo htmlspecialchars($time); ?>" /> 
     </div> 
     <button class="submit" type="submit" name="submit">Submit</button> 
     </form> 
    </div> 

<?php include 'includes/footer.php'; 

task_list.php

<?php 
    $pageTitle = "Task | Time Tracker"; 
    $page = 'taks'; 

    include('includes/functions.php'); 
    include 'includes/header.php'; ?> 

     <div class="col-container"> 
      <h1>Task List</h1> 
      <a class="addLink" href="task.php">Add task</a> 
      <ul class="taskList"> 
      <?php 
      foreach (get_tasks_list() as $item) { 
       echo '<li>' . $item['title'] .' - In project: ' . $item['project'] . '</li>'; 
      } 
      ?> 
      </ul> 
     </div> 

    <?php include 'includes/footer.php'; 

reports.php

<?php require_once 'includes/functions.php'; 

$pageTitle = "Reports | Time Tracker"; 
$page = 'reports'; 
$filter = 'all'; 

include 'includes/header.php';?> 
    <div class="col-container"> 
     <h1>Reports</h1> 
     <form method="GET" action="reports.php"> 
     <label for="filter-by-project">Filter:</label> 
     <select name="filter-by-project"> 
      <option value="">Select a project</option> 
      <?php 
      foreach(get_projects_list() as $item) { 
       echo '<option value="' . $item['project_id'] . '">' . $item['title'] . '</option>'; 
      } 
      ?> 
     </select> 
     <input class="button" type="submit" value="Run" /> 
     </form> 
     <table> 
      <?php 
     $total = $project_id = $project_total = 0; 
     $tasks = get_tasks_list($filter); 
     foreach ($tasks as $item) { 
      if ($project_id != $item['project_id']) { 

       $project_id = $item['project_id']; 
       echo '<thead>'; 
       echo '<tr>'; 
       echo '<td>' . $item['project'] . '</td>'; 
       echo '<td> Date </td>'; 
       echo '<td> Time </td>'; 
       echo '</tr></thead>'; 
      } 

      $project_total += $item['time']; 
      $total += $item['time']; 
      echo '<tr>'; 
      echo '<td>' . $item['title'] . '</td>'; 
      echo '<td>' . $item['date'] . '</td>'; 
      echo '<td>' . $item['time'] . '</td>'; 
      echo '</tr>'; 

      if (next($tasks)['project_id'] != $item['project_id']) { 
       echo '<tr>'; 
       echo '<th colspan="2">Project Total</th>'; 
       echo '<th>' . $project_total . '</th>'; 
       echo '</tr>'; 
       $project_total = 0; 
      } 
     } 
     ?> 
     <tr class="totalReportTime"> 
      <th colspan="2">Total</th> 
      <th><?php echo $total; ?></th> 
     </tr> 
     </table> 
    </div> 

<?php include 'includes/footer.php'; 

오류 나는 모든 기능 또는 동일한 오류에 db_connection.php 파일을 포함하는 경우 :

Notice: Constant DB_SERVER already defined in /html/my_tracker/includes/functions.php on line 3 

    Notice: Constant DB_USER already defined in /html/my_tracker/includes/functions.php on line 4 

    Notice: Constant DB_PASSWORD already defined in /html/my_tracker/includes/functions.php on line 5 

Notice: Constant DB_DATABASE already defined in /html/my_tracker/includes/functions.php on line 6 

Notice: Constant DB_DRIVER already defined in /html/my_tracker/includes/functions.php on line 7 

내가 require_once 또는 include_once 인 경우 오류가 발생합니다.

Notice: Undefined variable: conn in /html/my_tracker/includes/functions.php on line 44 

Fatal error: Call to a member function prepare() on a non-object in /html/my_tracker/includes/functions.php on line 44 

Fatal error: Call to a member function query() on a non-object in /html/my_tracker/includes/functions.php on line 52 

Fatal error: Call to a member function execute() on a non-object in /html/my_tracker/includes/functions.php on line 66 

Answer 1

오케이 ... 코드는 끔찍한 데 (유감이지만, 그렇습니다.데이터베이스 로그인 및 정보는 절대로 상수에 정의되어서는 안됩니다. 그러나 이것은 수정하기가 매우 쉽습니다. 대신 재정의 및/또는 재를 포함하여 당신이 상수를 정의한 경우이 작업을 수행, 사방 :

if (!defined('DB_SERVER')) { 
    define('DB_SERVER', "localhost"); 
} 
if (!defined('DB_USER')) { 
    define('DB_USER', "tracker_user"); 
} 
if (!defined('DB_PASSWORD')) { 
    define('DB_PASSWORD', "tracker_pass"); 
} 
if (!defined('DB_DATABASE')) { 
    define('DB_DATABASE', "tracker"); 
} 
if (!defined('DB_DRIVER')) { 
    define('DB_DRIVER', "mysql"); 
} 

이 전체 코드를 다시 작성하지 않고, 성가신 "이미 정의"메시지를 수정해야 -하는 당신 해야 할 것.

PDO는 절차가 아닌 OOP 상태에서 사용해야하며 $ db 클래스를 정의하면 이러한 문제가 모두 방지됩니다. 또한 정의 된 상수에 중요한 정보를 저장하는 것이 주요 보안 문제이므로 피해야합니다. 이 모든 변수를 정의하고 필요한 클래스에이를로드하는 일종의 config-file이 있어야합니다. 그러나 이는 상당 부분의 코드를 완전히 재 설계해야한다는 것을 의미합니다.